Impact · Critical perspectives
Children's Participation: From Tokenism to Citizenship (Innocenti Essays No. 4)
Essay that introduced Hart's 8-rung ladder of children's participation, borrowing the ladder image from Arnstein, separating 3 forms of non-participation (manipulation, decoration, tokenism) from 5 degrees of genuine participation. Also covers research with children, play and work, and children in especially difficult circumstances. Written for adults able to help children be heard; conceptual, not an evaluation.
- Section
- Critical perspectives
- Format
- Access
- Open access
- Link
- participationpool.eu
